NEWFS_MSDOS(8)

NAME
newfs_msdos - construct a new MS-DOS (FAT) file system

SYNOPSIS
newfs_msdos [-N] [-@ offset] [-A] [-B boot] [-C create-size] [-F FAT-type] [-I VolumeID] [-L label] [-O OEM] [-S sector-size] [-T timestamp] [-a FAT-size] [-b block-size] [-c cluster-size] [-e DirEnts] [-f format] [-h heads] [-i info] [-k backup] [-m media] [-n FATs] [-o hidden] [-r reserved] [-s total] [-u track-size] special [disktype]

DESCRIPTION
The newfs_msdos utility creates a FAT12, FAT16, or FAT32 file system on device or file named special, using disktab(5) entry disktype to determine geometry, if required.

If special does not contain a / and -C is not used, it is assumed to be a device name and /dev/ is prepended to the name to construct the actual device name. To work a file in the current directory use ./filename

The options are as follows:

-N  Do not create a file system: just print out parameters.

-@ offset
    Build the filesystem at the specified offset in bytes in the device or file. A suffix s, k, m, g (lower or upper case) appended to the offset specifies that the number is in sectors, kilobytes, megabytes or gigabytes, respectively.

-A  Attempt to cluster align root directory, useful for SD card.

-B boot
    Get bootstrap from file.

-C create-size
    Create the image file with the specified size. A suffix character appended to the size is interpreted as for the -@ option. The file is created by truncating any existing file with the same name and resizing it to the requested size. If the file system supports sparse files, the space occupied on disk may be smaller than the size specified as parameter.

-F FAT-type
    FAT type (one of 12, 16, or 32).

-I VolumeID
    Volume ID, a 32 bit number in decimal or hexadecimal (0x...) format.

-L label
    Volume label (up to 11 characters). The label should consist of only those characters permitted in regular DOS (8+3) filenames.

-O OEM
    OEM string (up to 8 characters). The default is "BSD4.4 ".

-S sector-size
    Number of bytes per sector. Acceptable values are powers of 2 in the range 512 through 32768, inclusive.

-T timestamp
    Create the filesystem as though the current time is timestamp. The default filesystem volume ID is derived from the time. timestamp can be a pathname (where the timestamp is derived from that file) or an integer value interpreted as the number of seconds since the Epoch.

-a FAT-size
    Number of sectors per FAT.

-b block-size
    File system block size (bytes per cluster). This should resolve to an acceptable number of sectors per cluster (see below).

-c cluster-size
    Sectors per cluster. Acceptable values are powers of 2 in the range 1 through 128. If the block or cluster size are not specified, the code uses a cluster between 512 bytes and 32K depending on the filesystem size.

-e DirEnts
    Number of root directory entries (FAT12 and FAT16 only).

-f format
    Specify a standard (floppy disk) format. The standard formats are (capacities in kilobytes): 160, 180, 320, 360, 640, 720, 1200, 1232, 1440, 2880.

-h heads
    Number of drive heads.

-i info
    Location of the file system info sector (FAT32 only). A value of 0xffff signifies no info sector.

-k backup
    Location of the backup boot sector (FAT32 only). A value of 0xffff signifies no backup sector.

-m media
    Media descriptor (acceptable range 0xf0 to 0xff).

-n FATs
    Number of FATs. Acceptable values are 1 to 16 inclusive. The default is 2.

-o hidden
    Number of hidden sectors.

-r reserved
    Number of reserved sectors.

-s total
    File system size.

-u track-size
    Number of sectors per track.

NOTES
If some parameters (e.g., size, number of sectors, etc.) are not specified through options or disktype, the program tries to generate them automatically. In particular, the size is determined as the device or file size minus the offset specified with the -@ option. When the geometry is not available, it is assumed to be 63 sectors, 255 heads. The size is then rounded to become a multiple of the track size and avoid complaints by some filesystem code.

FAT file system parameters occupy a "Boot Sector BPB (BIOS Parameter Block)" in the first of the "reserved" sectors which precede the actual file system. For reference purposes, this structure is presented below.

    struct bsbpb {
        uint16_t	bpbBytesPerSec;		/* [-S] bytes per sector */
        uint8_t	bpbSecPerClust;		/* [-c] sectors per cluster */
        uint16_t	bpbResSectors;		/* [-r] reserved sectors */
        uint8_t	bpbFATs;		/* [-n] number of FATs */
        uint16_t	bpbRootDirEnts;		/* [-e] root directory entries */
        uint16_t	bpbSectors;		/* [-s] total sectors */
        uint8_t	bpbMedia;		/* [-m] media descriptor */
        uint16_t	bpbFATsecs;		/* [-a] sectors per FAT */
        uint16_t	bpbSecPerTrack;		/* [-u] sectors per track */
        uint16_t	bpbHeads;		/* [-h] drive heads */
        uint32_t	bpbHiddenSecs;		/* [-o] hidden sectors */
        uint32_t	bpbHugeSectors;		/* [-s] big total sectors */
    };
    /* FAT32 extensions */
    struct bsxbpb {
        uint32_t	bpbBigFATsecs;		/* [-a] big sectors per FAT */
        uint16_t	bpbExtFlags;		/* control flags */
        uint16_t	bpbFSVers;		/* file system version */
        uint32_t	bpbRootClust;		/* root directory start cluster */
        uint16_t	bpbFSInfo;		/* [-i] file system info sector */
        uint16_t	bpbBackup;		/* [-k] backup boot sector */
    };

LIMITATION
The maximum file size is 4GB, even if the file system itself is bigger.

EXIT STATUS

EXAMPLES
Create a file system, using default parameters, on /dev/da0s1:

    newfs_msdos /dev/da0s1

Create a standard 1.44M file system, with volume label foo, on /dev/fd0:

    newfs_msdos -f 1440 -L foo fd0

Create a 30MB image file, with the FAT partition starting 63 sectors within the image file:

    newfs_msdos -C 30M -@63s ./somefile

SEE ALSO
disktab(5), disklabel(8), fdisk(8), newfs(8)

HISTORY
The newfs_msdos utility first appeared in FreeBSD 3.0.

AUTHORS
Robert Nordier <rnordier@FreeBSD.org>