GIF(4)

NAME
gif - generic tunnel interface

SYNOPSIS
pseudo-device gif

DESCRIPTION
The gif interface is a generic tunnelling pseudo device for IPv4 and IPv6. It can tunnel IPv[46] traffic over IPv[46]. Therefore, there can be four possible configurations. The behavior of gif is mainly based on RFC 2893 IPv6-over-IPv4 configured tunnel. On NetBSD, gif can also tunnel ISO traffic over IPv[46] using EON encapsulation.

Each gif interface is created at runtime using interface cloning. This is most easily done with the “ifconfig create” command or using the gifconfig_<interface> variable in rc.conf(5).

To use gif, the administrator needs to configure the protocol and addresses used for the outer header. This can be done by using gifconfig(8), or SIOCSIFPHYADDR ioctl. The administrator also needs to configure the protocol and addresses for the inner header, with ifconfig(8). Note that IPv6 link-local addresses (those that start with fe80::) will be automatically configured whenever possible. You may need to remove IPv6 link-local addresses manually using ifconfig(8), if you want to disable the use of IPv6 as the inner header (for example, if you need a pure IPv4-over-IPv6 tunnel). Finally, you must modify the routing table to route the packets through the gif interface.

The gif pseudo-device can be configured to be ECN friendly. This can be configured by IFF_LINK1.

  ECN friendly behavior
The gif pseudo-device can be configured to be ECN friendly, as described in draft-ietf-ipsec-ecn-02.txt. This is turned off by default, and can be turned on by the IFF_LINK1 interface flag.

Without IFF_LINK1, gif will show normal behavior, as described in RFC 2893. This can be summarized as follows:

Ingress
    Set outer TOS bit to 0.

Egress
    Drop outer TOS bit.

With IFF_LINK1, gif will copy ECN bits (0x02 and 0x01 on IPv4 TOS byte or IPv6 traffic class byte) on egress and ingress, as follows:

Ingress
    Copy TOS bits except for ECN CE (masked with 0xfe) from inner to outer. Set ECN CE bit to 0.

Egress
    Use inner TOS bits with some change. If outer ECN CE bit is 1, enable ECN CE bit on the inner.

Note that the ECN friendly behavior violates RFC 2893. This should be used in mutual agreement with the peer.

  Security
A malicious party may try to circumvent security filters by using tunnelled packets. For better protection, gif performs both martian and ingress filtering against the outer source address on egress. Note that martian/ingress filters are in no way complete. You may want to secure your node by using packet filters. Ingress filtering can be turned off by IFF_LINK2 bit.

  Miscellaneous
By default, gif tunnels may not be nested. This behavior may be modified at runtime by setting the sysctl(8) variable net.link.gif.max_nesting to the desired level of nesting. Additionally, gif tunnels are restricted to one per pair of end points. Parallel tunnels may be enabled by setting the sysctl(8) variable net.link.gif.parallel_tunnels to 1.

SEE ALSO
inet(4), inet6(4), gifconfig(8) R. Gilligan, E. Nordmark, RFC 2893, Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers, August 2000, ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc2893.txt. Sally Floyd, David L. Black, K. K. Ramakrishnan, IPsec Interactions with ECN, December 1999, draft-ietf-ipsec-ecn-02.txt.

HISTORY
The gif device first appeared in the WIDE hydrangea IPv6 kit.

BUGS
There are many tunnelling protocol specifications, all defined differently from each other. The gif pseudo-device may not interoperate with peers which are based on different specifications, and are picky about outer header fields. For example, you cannot usually use gif to talk with IPsec devices that use IPsec tunnel mode.

The current code does not check if the ingress address (outer source address) configured in the gif interface makes sense. Make sure to specify an address which belongs to your node. Otherwise, your node will not be able to receive packets from the peer, and it will generate packets with a spoofed source address.

If the outer protocol is IPv4, gif does not try to perform path MTU discovery for the encapsulated packet (DF bit is set to 0).

If the outer protocol is IPv6, path MTU discovery for encapsulated packets may affect communication over the interface. The first bigger-than-pmtu packet may be lost. To avoid the problem, you may want to set the interface MTU for gif to 1240 or smaller, when the outer header is IPv6 and the inner header is IPv4.

The gif pseudo-device does not translate ICMP messages for the outer header into the inner header.

In the past, gif had a multi-destination behavior, configurable via IFF_LINK0 flag. The behavior is obsolete and is no longer supported.

It is thought that this is not actually a bug in gif, but rather lies somewhere around a manipulation of an IPv6 routing table.