INIT(8)

NAME
init - process control initialization

SYNOPSIS
init
init [ 0 | 1 | 6 | c | q]

DESCRIPTION
The init utility is the last stage of the boot process. It normally runs the automatic reboot sequence as described in rc(8), and if this succeeds, begins multi-user operation. If the reboot scripts fail, init commences single-user operation by giving the super-user a shell on the console. The init utility may be passed parameters from the boot program to prevent the system from going multi-user and to instead execute a single-user shell without starting the normal daemons. The system is then quiescent for maintenance work and may later be made to go to multi-user by exiting the single-user shell (with ^D). This causes init to run the /etc/rc start up command file in fastboot mode (skipping disk checks).

If the console entry in the ttys(5) file is marked “insecure”, then init will require that the super-user password be entered before the system will start a single-user shell. The password check is skipped if the console is marked as “secure”.

The kernel runs with five different levels of security. Any super-user process can raise the security level, but no process can lower it. The security levels are:

-1  Permanently insecure mode - always run the system in level 0 mode. This is the default initial value.

0   Insecure mode - immutable and append-only flags may be turned off. All devices may be read or written subject to their permissions.

1   Secure mode - the system immutable and system append-only flags may not be turned off; disks for mounted file systems, /dev/mem, and /dev/kmem may not be opened for writing; kernel modules (see kld(4)) may not be loaded or unloaded.

2   Highly secure mode - same as secure mode, plus disks may not be opened for writing (except by mount(2)) whether mounted or not. This level precludes tampering with file systems by unmounting them, but also inhibits running newfs(8) while the system is multi-user.

    In addition, kernel time changes are restricted to less than or equal to one second. Attempts to change the time by more than this will log the message “Time adjustment clamped to +1 second”.

3   Network secure mode - same as highly secure mode, plus IP packet filter rules (see ipfw(8) and ipfirewall(4)) cannot be changed and dummynet(4) configuration cannot be adjusted.

If the security level is initially nonzero, then init leaves it unchanged. Otherwise, init raises the level to 1 before going multi-user for the first time. Since the level cannot be reduced, it will be at least 1 for subsequent operation, even on return to single-user. If a level higher than 1 is desired while running multi-user, it can be set before going multi-user, e.g., by the startup script rc(8), using sysctl(8) to set the kern.securelevel variable to the required security level.

In multi-user operation, init maintains processes for the terminal ports found in the file ttys(5). The init utility reads this file and executes the command found in the second field, unless the first field refers to a device in /dev which is not configured. The first field is supplied as the final argument to the command. This command is usually getty(8); getty opens and initializes the tty line and executes the login(1) program. The login program, when a valid user logs in, executes a shell for that user. When this shell dies, either because the user logged out or an abnormal termination occurred (a signal), the init utility wakes up, deletes the user from the utmpx(5) file of current users and records the logout in the wtmpx(5) file. The cycle is then restarted by init executing a new getty for the line.

The init utility can also be used to keep arbitrary daemons running, automatically restarting them if they die. In this case, the first field in the ttys(5) file must not reference the path to a configured device node and will be passed to the daemon as the final argument on its command line. This is similar to the facility offered in the AT&T UNIX /etc/inittab.

Line status (on, off, secure, getty, or window information) may be changed in the ttys(5) file without a reboot by sending the signal SIGHUP to init with the command “kill -HUP 1”. On receipt of this signal, init re-reads the ttys(5) file. When a line is turned off in ttys(5), init will send a SIGHUP signal to the controlling process for the session associated with the line. For any lines that were previously turned off in the ttys(5) file and are now on, init executes the command specified in the second field. If the command or window field for a line is changed, the change takes effect at the end of the current login session (e.g., the next time init starts a process on the line). If a line is commented out or deleted from ttys(5), init will not do anything at all to that line. However, it will complain that the relationship between lines in the ttys(5) file and records in the utmpx(5) file is out of sync, so this practice is not recommended.

The init utility will terminate multi-user operations and resume single-user mode if sent a terminate (TERM) signal, for example, “kill -TERM 1”. If there are processes outstanding that are deadlocked (because of hardware or software failure), init will not wait for them all to die (which might take forever), but will time out after 30 seconds and print a warning message.

The init utility will cease creating new processes and allow the system to slowly die away, if it is sent a terminal stop (TSTP) signal, i.e. “kill -TSTP 1”. A later hangup will resume full multi-user operations, or a terminate will start a single-user shell. This hook is used by reboot(8) and halt(8).

The init utility will terminate all possible processes (again, it will not wait for deadlocked processes) and reboot the machine if sent the interrupt (INT) signal, i.e. “kill -INT 1”. This is useful for shutting the machine down cleanly from inside the kernel or from X when the machine appears to be hung.

The init utility will do the same, except it will halt the machine if sent the user defined signal 1 (USR1), or will halt and turn the power off (if hardware permits) if sent the user defined signal 2 (USR2).

When shutting down the machine, init will try to run the /etc/rc.shutdown script. This script can be used to cleanly terminate specific programs such as innd (the InterNetNews server). If this script does not terminate within 120 seconds, init will terminate it. The timeout can be configured via the sysctl(8) variable kern.init_shutdown_timeout.

The role of init is so critical that if it dies, the system will reboot itself automatically. If, at bootstrap time, the init process cannot be located, the system will panic with the message “panic: init died (signal %d, exit %d)”.

If run as a user process as shown in the second synopsis line, init will emulate AT&T UNIX behavior, i.e. super-user can specify the desired run-level on a command line, and init will signal the original (PID 1) init as follows:
Run-level | Signal | Action
0 | SIGUSR2 | Halt and turn the power off
1 | SIGTERM | Go to single-user mode
6 | SIGINT | Reboot the machine
c | SIGTSTP | Block further logins
q | SIGHUP | Rescan the
ttys(5) file

FILES
/dev/console
    system console device
/dev/tty*
    terminal ports found in ttys(5)
/var/run/utmpx
    record of current users on the system
/var/log/wtmpx
    record of all logins and logouts
/etc/ttys
    the terminal initialization information file
/etc/rc
    system startup commands
/etc/rc.shutdown
    system shutdown commands

DIAGNOSTICS

getty repeating too quickly on port %s, sleeping. A process being started to service a line is exiting quickly each time it is started. This is often caused by a ringing or noisy terminal line. Init will sleep for 30 seconds, then continue trying to start the process.

some processes would not die; ps axl advised. A process is hung and could not be killed when the system was shutting down. This condition is usually caused by a process that is stuck in a device driver because of a persistent device error condition.

SEE ALSO
kill(1), login(1), sh(1), dummynet(4), ipfirewall(4), kld(4), ttys(5), crash(8), getty(8), halt(8), ipfw(8), rc(8), reboot(8), shutdown(8), sysctl(8)

HISTORY
An init utility appeared in AT&T UNIX.

CAVEATS
Systems without sysctl(8) behave as though they have security level -1.

Setting the security level above 1 too early in the boot sequence can prevent fsck(8) from repairing inconsistent file systems. The preferred location to set the security level is at the end of /etc/rc after all multi-user startup actions are complete.